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I keep forgetting the advantages, so I am writing down my thoughts here. (Could be wrong, I am not a math genious)

Max speed: v ~ √(F/D)
Max acceleration: a ~ F/m
Max turn rate: t ~ 1/m
Acceleration: a(t) ~ F - D(t)

F = Thrust
D = Drag
m = mass

Drag modification:
> Increases max speed by: v ~ √(1/D)
> Increases acceleration by: a(t) ~ 1 - D(t)
D(0) = 0, aka max acceleration does not change

Mass modification:
> Increases max acceleration by: a ~ 1/m
> Increases turn rate by: t ~ 1/m

Thrust modification:
> Increases max speed by: v ~ √F
> Increases max acceleration by: a ~ F
> Increases acceleration by: a(t) ~ F - D(t)
D(0) = 0, aka max acceleration does not change

Underlying formulas

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F = m * a
D = 1/2 * p * v² * C * A

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Max speed:
D = F
v = √( 2 * F / (p*C*A) )

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Max acceleration:
a = F/m
and
a(t) = (F(t) - D(t)) / m
with D(t) = 1/2 * p * v(t)² * C * A

Or ..
Green result = Better than before
Red = worse

Yeah, but you can't see what exactly is getting better and you have to choose between mass or drag modification.

And if you choose one of them, it also depends if you choose the thrust modification for your engines.

The Ships Statistics panel on the Workshop screen shows the difference between what you had previously to what you have just rolled.

Nanotube includes both Mass and Drag for up to 23% positive benefit (less drag and less mass) on both - https://i.imgur.com/aGjyVQz.png

Then add to that something like Slingshot for Thrust - https://i.imgur.com/SwbDXHf.png

I think you are probably trying to figure out what any particular mod does in combination with another. But then the combination also has to be right for the type of ship and its purpose in the game you are using it for.
By way of example I now prefer Targe to Pavise for shields, Pavise gives a (possible) whopping 70% to Shield capacity, but for a small fighter doing jousting runs it needs better recharge speed and delay, so I use Targe which gives less capacity than Pavise but also adds a good dose of Recharge speed and less delay. https://i.imgur.com/20pdK7r.png

I was joking with my response earlier, it is a bit of a complex thing. Needs a lot of modification ingredients too to roll best possible outcome.

I'm necro:ing this thread because it's pretty high up in google search results.

There's one thing that might be worth adding on in the original post,

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if
Acceleration: a(t) ~ F - D(t)

Then by implication
less drag => longer stopping distance

I think it would be nice if you added that on as a point for the Drag modification Tldr
Green is not always a good thing when it comes to drag.

egosoft.com

Drag vs Mass vs Thrust Modification

Drag vs Mass vs Thrust Modification

Re: Drag vs Mass vs Thrust Modification

Re: Drag vs Mass vs Thrust Modification

Re: Drag vs Mass vs Thrust Modification

Re: Drag vs Mass vs Thrust Modification